Capabilities
Accounts have capabilities associated with them.
An account exposes its capabilities through the capabilities field,
which has the type Account.Capabilities.
Account.Capabilities​
_47access(all)_47struct Capabilities {_47_47 /// The storage capabilities of the account._47 access(mapping CapabilitiesMapping)_47 let storage: Account.StorageCapabilities_47_47 /// The account capabilities of the account._47 access(mapping CapabilitiesMapping)_47 let account: Account.AccountCapabilities_47_47 /// Returns the capability at the given public path._47 /// Returns nil if the capability does not exist,_47 /// or if the given type is not a supertype of the capability's borrow type._47 access(all)_47 view fun get<T: &Any>(_ path: PublicPath): Capability<T>?_47_47 /// Borrows the capability at the given public path._47 /// Returns nil if the capability does not exist, or cannot be borrowed using the given type._47 /// The function is equivalent to `get(path)?.borrow()`._47 access(all)_47 view fun borrow<T: &Any>(_ path: PublicPath): T?_47_47 /// Returns true if a capability exists at the given public path._47 access(all)_47 view fun exists(_ path: PublicPath): Bool_47_47 /// Publish the capability at the given public path._47 ///_47 /// If there is already a capability published under the given path, the program aborts._47 ///_47 /// The path must be a public path, i.e., only the domain `public` is allowed._47 access(Capabilities | PublishCapability)_47 fun publish(_ capability: Capability, at: PublicPath)_47_47 /// Unpublish the capability published at the given path._47 ///_47 /// Returns the capability if one was published at the path._47 /// Returns nil if no capability was published at the path._47 access(Capabilities | UnpublishCapability)_47 fun unpublish(_ path: PublicPath): Capability?_47}_47_47entitlement Capabilities_47_47entitlement PublishCapability_47entitlement UnpublishCapability
Checking the existence of public capabilities​
The function capabilities.check determines if a public capability
was published at the given path before.
_10access(all)_10view fun exists(_ path: PublicPath): Bool
If the account has a capability published under the given path, the function returns true, otherwise false.
Getting public capabilities​
The function capabilities.get obtains a public capability
that was published before.
_10access(all)_10view fun get<T: &Any>(_ path: PublicPath): Capability<T>?
If the account has a capability with the given type published under the given path, the function returns it as an optional.
If the account has no capability published under the given path,
or the requested type, via the type parameter T, does not match the published capability,
the function returns nil.
The convenience function capabilities.borrow obtains and borrows a public capability
that was published before, in one step.
_10access(all)_10view fun borrow<T: &Any>(_ path: PublicPath): T?
If the account has a capability with the given type published under the given path, the function borrows the capability and returns the resulting reference as an optional.
If the account has no capability published under the given path,
or the requested type, via the type parameter T, does not match the published capability,
the function returns nil.
Managing capabilities​
Capabilities can be storage capabilities or account capabilities:
-
Storage capabilities grant access to objects in account storage, via paths. An account allows the management of storage capabilities through the
capabilities.storagefield, which has the typeAccount.StorageCapabilities. -
Account capabilities grant access to accounts. An account allows the management of account capabilities through the
capabilities.accountfield, which has the typeAccount.AccountCapabilities.
A capability, and all its copies, is managed by a capability controller.
-
Storage capabilities are controlled by storage capability controllers. Storage capability controllers have the type
StorageCapabilityController. -
Account capabilities are controlled by account capability controllers. Account capability controllers have the type
AccountCapabilityController.
Account.StorageCapabilities and Account.AccountCapabilities​
_82access(all)_82struct StorageCapabilities {_82_82 /// Issue/create a new storage capability._82 access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | IssueStorageCapabilityController)_82 fun issue<T: &Any>(_ path: StoragePath): Capability<T>_82_82 /// Get the storage capability controller for the capability with the specified ID._82 ///_82 /// Returns nil if the ID does not reference an existing storage capability._82 access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_82 view fun getController(byCapabilityID: UInt64): &StorageCapabilityController?_82_82 /// Get all storage capability controllers for capabilities that target this storage path_82 access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_82 view fun getControllers(forPath: StoragePath): [&StorageCapabilityController]_82_82 /// Iterate over all storage capability controllers for capabilities that target this storage path,_82 /// passing a reference to each controller to the provided callback function._82 ///_82 /// Iteration is stopped early if the callback function returns `false`._82 ///_82 /// If a new storage capability controller is issued for the path,_82 /// an existing storage capability controller for the path is deleted,_82 /// or a storage capability controller is retargeted from or to the path,_82 /// then the callback must stop iteration by returning false._82 /// Otherwise, iteration aborts._82 access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_82 fun forEachController(_82 forPath: StoragePath,_82 _ function: fun(&StorageCapabilityController): Bool_82 )_82}_82_82access(all)_82struct AccountCapabilities {_82_82 /// Issue/create a new account capability._82 access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | IssueAccountCapabilityController)_82 fun issue<T: &Account>(): Capability<T>_82_82 /// Get capability controller for capability with the specified ID._82 ///_82 /// Returns nil if the ID does not reference an existing account capability._82 access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_82 view fun getController(byCapabilityID: UInt64): &AccountCapabilityController?_82_82 /// Get all capability controllers for all account capabilities._82 access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_82 view fun getControllers(): [&AccountCapabilityController]_82_82 /// Iterate over all account capability controllers for all account capabilities,_82 /// passing a reference to each controller to the provided callback function._82 ///_82 /// Iteration is stopped early if the callback function returns `false`._82 ///_82 /// If a new account capability controller is issued for the account,_82 /// or an existing account capability controller for the account is deleted,_82 /// then the callback must stop iteration by returning false._82 /// Otherwise, iteration aborts._82 access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_82 fun forEachController(_ function: fun(&AccountCapabilityController): Bool)_82}_82_82entitlement StorageCapabilities_82entitlement AccountCapabilities_82_82entitlement GetStorageCapabilityController_82entitlement IssueStorageCapabilityController_82_82entitlement GetAccountCapabilityController_82entitlement IssueAccountCapabilityController_82_82entitlement mapping CapabilitiesMapping {_82 include Identity_82_82 StorageCapabilities -> GetStorageCapabilityController_82 StorageCapabilities -> IssueStorageCapabilityController_82_82 AccountCapabilities -> GetAccountCapabilityController_82 AccountCapabilities -> IssueAccountCapabilityController_82}
AccountCapabilityController and StorageCapabilityController​
_40access(all)_40struct AccountCapabilityController {_40_40 /// The capability that is controlled by this controller._40 access(all)_40 let capability: Capability_40_40 /// An arbitrary "tag" for the controller._40 /// For example, it could be used to describe the purpose of the capability._40 /// Empty by default._40 access(all)_40 var tag: String_40_40 /// Updates this controller's tag to the provided string_40 access(all)_40 fun setTag(_ tag: String)_40_40 /// The type of the controlled capability, i.e. the T in `Capability<T>`._40 access(all)_40 let borrowType: Type_40_40 /// The identifier of the controlled capability._40 /// All copies of a capability have the same ID._40 access(all)_40 let capabilityID: UInt64_40_40 /// Delete this capability controller,_40 /// and disable the controlled capability and its copies._40 ///_40 /// The controller will be deleted from storage,_40 /// but the controlled capability and its copies remain._40 ///_40 /// Once this function returns, the controller is no longer usable,_40 /// all further operations on the controller will panic._40 ///_40 /// Borrowing from the controlled capability or its copies will return nil._40 ///_40 access(all)_40 fun delete()_40}
_49access(all)_49struct StorageCapabilityController {_49_49 /// The capability that is controlled by this controller._49 access(all)_49 let capability: Capability_49_49 /// An arbitrary "tag" for the controller._49 /// For example, it could be used to describe the purpose of the capability._49 /// Empty by default._49 access(all)_49 var tag: String_49_49 /// Updates this controller's tag to the provided string_49 access(all)_49 fun setTag(_ tag: String)_49_49 /// The type of the controlled capability, i.e. the T in `Capability<T>`._49 access(all)_49 let borrowType: Type_49_49 /// The identifier of the controlled capability._49 /// All copies of a capability have the same ID._49 access(all)_49 let capabilityID: UInt64_49_49 /// Delete this capability controller,_49 /// and disable the controlled capability and its copies._49 ///_49 /// The controller will be deleted from storage,_49 /// but the controlled capability and its copies remain._49 ///_49 /// Once this function returns, the controller is no longer usable,_49 /// all further operations on the controller will panic._49 ///_49 /// Borrowing from the controlled capability or its copies will return nil._49 ///_49 access(all)_49 fun delete()_49_49 /// Returns the targeted storage path of the controlled capability._49 access(all)_49 fun target(): StoragePath_49_49 /// Retarget the controlled capability to the given storage path._49 /// The path may be different or the same as the current path._49 access(all)_49 fun retarget(_ target: StoragePath)_49}
Issuing capabilities​
Capabilities are created by issuing them in the target account.
Issuing storage capabilities​
The capabilities.storage.issue function issues a new storage capability
that targets the given storage path and can be borrowed with the given type.
_10access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | IssueStorageCapabilityController)_10fun issue<T: &Any>(_ path: StoragePath): Capability<T>
Calling the issue function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or StorageCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(StorageCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained IssueStorageCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(IssueStorageCapabilityController) &Account).
The path must be a storage path, it must have the domain storage.
For example, the following transaction issues a new storage capability,
which grants the ability to withdraw from the stored vault,
by authorizing the capability to be borrowed with the necessary Withdraw entitlement.
_10transaction {_10 prepare(signer: auth(IssueStorageCapabilityController) &Account) {_10 let capability = signer.capabilities.storage.issue<auth(Withdraw) &Vault>(/storage/vault)_10 // ..._10 }_10}
Issuing account capabilities​
The capabilities.account.issue function issues a new account capability
that targets the account and can be borrowed with the given type.
_10access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | IssueAccountCapabilityController)_10fun issue<T: &Account>(): Capability<T>
Calling the issue function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or AccountCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(AccountCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained IssueAccountCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(IssueAccountCapabilityController) &Account).
For example, the following transaction issues a new account capability,
which grants the ability to save objects into the account,
by authorizing the capability to be borrowed with the necessary SaveValue entitlement.
_10transaction {_10 prepare(signer: auth(IssueAccountCapabilityController) &Account) {_10 let capability = signer.capabilities.account.issue<auth(SaveValue) &Account>()_10 // ..._10 }_10}
Publishing capabilities​
Capabilities can be made available publicly by publishing them.
The capabilities.publish function publishes a capability under a given public path.
_10access(Capabilities | PublishCapability)_10fun publish(_ capability: Capability, at: PublicPath)
Calling the publish function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities entitlement (auth(Capabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained PublishCapability entitlement (auth(PublishCapability) &Account).
For example, the following transaction issues a new storage capability,
and then publishes it under the path /public/vault,
allowing anyone to access and borrow the capability and gain access to the stored vault.
Note that the reference type is unauthorized,
so when the capability is borrowed,
only publicly accessible (access(all)) fields and functions of the object can be accessed.
_10transaction {_10 prepare(signer: auth(Capabilities) &Account) {_10 let capability = signer.capabilities.storage.issue<&Vault>(/storage/vault)_10 signer.capabilities.publish(capability, at: /public/vault)_10 }_10}
Unpublishing capabilities​
The capabilities.unpublish function unpublishes a capability from a given public path.
_10access(Capabilities | UnpublishCapability)_10fun unpublish(_ path: PublicPath): Capability?
Calling the unpublish function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities entitlement (auth(Capabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained UnpublishCapability entitlement (auth(UnpublishCapability) &Account).
If there is a capability published under the path, the function removes it from the path and returns it.
If there is no capability published under the path, the function returns nil.
For example, the following transaction unpublishes a capability
that was previously published under the path /public/vault.
_10transaction {_10 prepare(signer: auth(Capabilities) &Account) {_10 signer.capabilities.unpublish(/public/vault)_10 }_10}
Tagging capabilities​
Capabilities can be associated with a tag, an arbitrary string. The tag can be used for various purposes, such as recording the purpose of the capability. It is empty by default. The tag is stored in the capability controller.
Both storage capability controllers (StorageCapabilityController)
and account capability controllers (AccountCapabilityController)
have a tag field and setTag function, which can be used to get and set the tag.
_10access(all)_10var tag: String_10_10access(all)_10fun setTag(_ tag: String)
Retargeting storage capabilities​
Storage capabilities (StorageCapabilityController) can be retargeted
to another storage path after they have been issued.
The target function returns the storage path of the controlled capability,
and the retarget function sets a new storage path.
_10access(all)_10fun target(): StoragePath_10_10access(all)_10fun retarget(_ target: StoragePath)
Revoking capabilities​
A capability and all its copies can be revoked by deleting the capability's controller.
The delete function deletes a controller
(StorageCapabilityController or AccountCapabilityController):
_10access(all)_10fun delete()
Getting capability controllers​
The capability management types StorageCapabilities and AccountCapabilities
allow obtaining the controller for a capability,
as well as iterating over all existing controllers.
Getting a storage capability controller​
The capabilities.storage.getController function gets the storage capability controller
for the capability with the given capability ID.
_10access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_10view fun getController(byCapabilityID: UInt64): &StorageCapabilityController?
Calling the getController function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or StorageCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(StorageCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained GetStorageCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(GetStorageCapabilityController) &Account).
If a storage capability controller for the capability with the given ID exists,
the function returns a reference to it, as an optional.
If there is no storage capability controller with the given capability ID,
the function returns nil.
Getting an account capability controller​
The capabilities.account.getController function gets the account capability controller
for the capability with the given capability ID.
_10access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_10view fun getController(byCapabilityID: UInt64): &AccountCapabilityController?
Calling the getController function requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or AccountCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(AccountCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained GetAccountCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(GetAccountCapabilityController) &Account).
If a account capability controller for the capability with the given ID exists,
the function returns a reference to it, as an optional.
If there is no account capability controller with the given capability ID,
the function returns nil.
Iterating over storage capability controllers​
The functions getControllers and forEachController allow iterating
over all storage capability controllers of a storage path.
_10access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_10view fun getControllers(forPath: StoragePath): [&StorageCapabilityController]_10_10access(Capabilities | StorageCapabilities | GetStorageCapabilityController)_10fun forEachController(_10 forPath: StoragePath,_10 _ function: fun(&StorageCapabilityController): Bool_10)
Calling the getControllers and forEachController function
requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or StorageCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(StorageCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained GetStorageCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(GetStorageCapabilityController) &Account).
The getControllers function returns a new array of references
to all storage capability controllers.
The forEachController function calls the given callback function
for each storage capability controller and passes a reference to the function.
Iteration stops when the callback function returns false.
Iterating over account capability controllers​
The functions getControllers and forEachController allow iterating
over all account capability controllers of the account.
_10access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_10view fun getControllers(): [&AccountCapabilityController]_10_10access(Capabilities | AccountCapabilities | GetAccountCapabilityController)_10fun forEachController(_ function: fun(&AccountCapabilityController): Bool)
Calling the getControllers and forEachController function
requires access to an account via a reference which is authorized
with the coarse-grained Capabilities or AccountCapabilities entitlements
(auth(Capabilities) &Account or auth(AccountCapabilities) &Account),
or the fine-grained GetAccountCapabilityController entitlement
(auth(GetAccountCapabilityController) &Account).
The getControllers function returns a new array of references
to all account capability controllers.
The forEachController function calls the given callback function
for each account capability controller and passes a reference to the function.
Iteration stops when the callback function returns false.
Example​
_47entitlement Increment_47_47// Declare a resource named `Counter` that has a field `count`_47// and a function `increment`, which requires the `Increment` entitlement._47//_47access(all)_47resource Counter {_47_47 access(all)_47 var count: UInt_47_47 access(all)_47 init(count: UInt) {_47 self.count = count_47 }_47_47 access(Increment)_47 fun increment(by amount: UInt) {_47 self.count = self.count + amount_47 }_47}_47_47// In this example an account reference is available through the constant `account`,_47// which has the type `auth(Storage, Capabilities) &Account`,_47// i.e., the reference is authorized to perform storage and capability operations._47_47// Create a new instance of the resource type `Counter`_47// and save it in the storage of the account._47//_47// The path `/storage/counter` is used to refer to the stored value._47// Its identifier `counter` was chosen freely and could be something else._47//_47account.storage.save(_47 <-create Counter(count: 42),_47 to: /storage/counter_47)_47_47// Issue a new storage capability that allows access to the stored counter resource_47//_47let capability = account.capabilities.storage.issue<&Counter>(/storage/counter)_47_47// Publish the capability under the path `/public/counter`,_47// so that anyone can access the counter resource._47//_47// Its identifier `counter` was chosen freely and could be something else._47//_47account.capabilities.publish(capability, at: /public/counter)
Imagine that the next example is in a different context, for example a new script or transaction.
_49_49// Get a reference to the account that stores the counter_49//_49let account = getAccount(0x1)_49_49// Borrow the capability for the counter that is made publicly accessible_49// through the path `/public/counter`._49//_49// The call of `borrow` returns an optional reference `&Counter?`._49// The borrow succeeds, and the result is not `nil`,_49// it is a valid reference, because:_49//_49// 1. The path `/public/counter` stores a capability._49//_49// 2. The capability allows to be borrowed as `&Counter`,_49// as it has the type `Capability<&Counter>`._49//_49// 3. The target of the storage capability, the *path* `/storage/counter`,_49// stores an object and it has a type which is a subtype of the borrowed type_49// (type equality is also considered a subtype relationship)._49//_49// Finally, force-unwrap the optional reference._49// After the call, the declared constant `counterRef` has type `&Counter`._49//_49let counterRef = account.capabilities.borrow<&Counter>(/public/counter)!_49_49// Read the field `count` of the `Counter`._49// The field can be accessed, because it has the access modifier `access(all)`._49//_49// Even though it is a variable field (`var`),_49// it cannot be assigned to from outside of the object._49//_49counterRef.count // is `42`_49_49// Invalid: The `increment` function is not accessible for the reference,_49// because the reference has the type `&Counter`,_49// which does not authorize the entitlement `Increment`,_49// which is required by the `increment` function_49// (it has the access modifier ` access(Increment)`)._49//_49counterRef.increment(by: 5)_49_49// Again, attempt to borrow the capability for the counter,_49// but use the type `auth(Increment) &Counter` to re-attempt the call to `increment`._49//_49// Getting the capability fails, because the capability was issued using the type `&Counter`._49// After the call, `counterRef2` is `nil`._49//_49let counterRef2 = account.capabilities.borrow<auth(Increment) &Counter>(/public/counter)